The chronic valvular heart disease
The chronic valvular heart disease Chronic valvular heart disease (CVHD) represents a long-standing condition characterized by the malfunction of one or more of the heart’s valves. These valves—namely the mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves—are crucial for maintaining unidirectional blood flow through the heart’s chambers. When these valves become damaged or deformed over time, the result is impaired blood flow, which can lead to various complications if left untreated.
The chronic valvular heart disease The etiology of CVHD is diverse, with rheumatic heart disease being one of the most common causes worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Rheumatic fever, an inflammatory response to untreated streptococcal infections, can cause scarring and deformity of the valves, especially the mitral valve. Congenital abnormalities, degenerative changes associated with aging, and conditions such as endocarditis or connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome can also contribute to valvular deterioration. Additionally, calcification of the valves, especially the aortic valve, is a typical age-related change that can compromise valve function.
The chronic valvular heart disease Clinically, patients with chronic valvular disease often remain asymptomatic in the early stages. As the disease progresses, symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations, and swelling in the lower extremities may develop. The severity and specific symptoms depend on which valve is affected and the extent of the dysfunction. For example, mitral stenosis often leads to pulmonary congestion and atrial fibrillation, while aortic stenosis may cause exertional angina and syncope.
The chronic valvular heart disease Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical examination and diagnostic imaging. Auscultation may reveal characteristic murmurs corresponding to the type of valvular lesion—such as a systolic murmur in aortic stenosis or a diastolic murmur in mitral stenosis. Echocardiography remains the cornerstone for definitive diagnosis, providing detailed information about valve structure, function, and the degree of stenosis or regurgitation. Additional tests, including ECG, chest X-ray, and cardiac MRI, help assess the impact of the disease on cardiac chambers and pulmonary vasculature.
Management of CVHD aims to alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and improve quality of life. Medical therapy often includes diuretics, vasodilators, and anticoagulants, tailored to the specific valvular lesion and patient condition. Beta-blockers may be used to control arrhythmias associated with valvular disease. However, medical management alone is usually insufficient for severe cases, and surgical intervention becomes necessary. Valve repair or replacement—either through traditional open-heart surgery or less invasive transcatheter procedures—can restore normal blood flow and reduce symptoms. The chronic valvular heart disease
The chronic valvular heart disease Long-term prognosis depends on the severity of the disease and the timeliness of intervention. Regular follow-up is essential to monitor disease progression and prevent complications such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, or thromboembolism. Preventive strategies, including early treatment of streptococcal infections and management of cardiovascular risk factors, are vital to decrease the incidence and severity of CVHD.
In summary, chronic valvular heart disease is a complex condition with significant clinical implications. Advances in diagnostic techniques and surgical options have improved outcomes, but awareness and early detection remain key to managing this lifelong condition effectively.
