Multiple Myeloma symptoms in adults
Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that originates in the plasma cells, which are a vital component of the immune system. These abnormal cells accumulate in the bone marrow, leading to a range of symptoms that can vary widely among individuals. Recognizing these symptoms early is crucial for prompt diagnosis and treatment, potentially improving outcomes and quality of life.
One of the hallmark signs of multiple myeloma is bone pain, which often occurs in the back, ribs, or hips. This pain results from the cancerous plasma cells damaging the bone tissue, leading to osteoporosis or fractures. Patients might notice that their bones become fragile and more prone to breaks, sometimes even with minor injuries. Alongside bone pain, patients may experience bone fractures without significant trauma, signaling the destructive nature of the disease on skeletal integrity.
Anemia is another common symptom observed in individuals with multiple myeloma. As the cancerous plasma cells crowd out healthy blood cell production in the bone marrow, patients often develop fatigue, weakness, and pallor. These symptoms stem from a reduced number of red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Persistent tiredness that does not improve with rest should prompt further medical evaluation.
Infections are also frequent among those with multiple myeloma. The abnormal plasma cells produce ineffective antibodies, impairing the immune system’s ability to fight off infections. Patients may find themselves more susceptible to pneumonia, urinary tract infections, or skin infections. Recurrent infections or infections that take longer to resolve are warning signs that warrant medical attention.
High levels of calcium in the blood, a condition called hypercalcemia, can occur as the disease progresses. Symptoms of hypercalcemia include nausea, vomiting, constipation, confusion, and even kidney stones. Elevated calcium levels can be dangerous and require prompt management to prevent complications.
Other symptoms can include unexplained weight loss and loss of appetite, which are common in many cancers, including multiple myeloma. Additionally, patients might experience numbness or weakness if the disease affects nerves, or develop kidney problems due to the excess production of abnormal proteins by the cancerous plasma cells. Kidney damage can manifest as swelling, decreased urine output, or abnormal blood test results.
It’s important to remember that the symptoms of multiple myeloma can be subtle and often overlap with other common conditions, making early diagnosis challenging. Regular check-ups and blood tests are essential, especially for individuals at higher risk, such as older adults or those with a family history of blood cancers. If multiple myeloma is suspected, a series of diagnostic tests—including blood tests, urine tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging studies—are used to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease.
Early detection and tailored treatment strategies can help manage symptoms, slow disease progression, and improve the patient’s overall outlook. Treatments may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, corticosteroids, and newer agents like immunomodulatory drugs, often combined with supportive care to manage symptoms and maintain quality of life.
