WHAT IS DONOVANOSIS
WHAT IS DONOVANOSIS Donovanosis, also known as granuloma inguinale, is a rare but chronic bacterial infection that primarily affects the genital and groin regions. It is caused by the bacterium Klebsiella granulomatis, a gram-negative organism that leads to ulcerative lesions if left untreated. Although it is considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI), it is relatively uncommon in many parts of the world, especially in developed countries, but remains endemic in regions such as India, Papua New Guinea, and parts of Central and South America.
WHAT IS DONOVANOSIS The infection often begins with the appearance of small, painless papules or nodules in the genital area. Over time, these lesions progress into larger, beefy-red ulcers that are characterized by a significant amount of tissue destruction. One distinctive feature of Donovanosis is the presence of a proliferation of granulomatous tissue, which can lead to extensive genital disfigurement if untreated. The lesions are usually not accompanied by pain or systemic symptoms such as fever, which can delay diagnosis as they might be mistaken for other skin conditions or STIs.
Transmission occurs predominantly through sexual contact, with the bacteria entering the skin through microabrasions during intercourse. Non-sexual transmission is rare but possible, especially through contact with contaminated clothing or fomites in endemic regions. Risk factors include multiple sexual partners, unprotected sex, and poor hygiene. The incubation period ranges from a few days to several weeks, making it sometimes challenging to identify the precise exposure. WHAT IS DONOVANOSIS
Diagnosis of Donovanosis is primarily clinical, based on the appearance of the ulcers, but laboratory tests are essential for confirmation. A tissue biopsy showing Donovan bodies—intracellular bacteria within macrophages—is pathognomonic. These can be visualized using special stains like Giemsa or Wright’s stain. Additionally, bacterial culture and PCR-based methods can aid in diagnosis, although they are less commonly used in resource-limited settings. WHAT IS DONOVANOSIS
Treatment of Donovanosis involves antibiotic therapy, with doxycycline, azithromycin, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole being commonly prescribed. The duration of treatment is usually prolonged, often extending several weeks, to ensure complete eradication of the bacteria and prevent recurrence. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications such as extensive tissue destruction, secondary bacterial infections, and significant scarring or disfigurement. During recovery, patients are advised to abstain from sexual activity until the lesions have fully healed to prevent transmission.
WHAT IS DONOVANOSIS Preventive measures focus on practicing safe sex, including the consistent use of condoms, and improving hygiene practices. Public health education in endemic areas plays a vital role in reducing the prevalence of Donovanosis. Although rare in many parts of the world, awareness among healthcare providers is essential for timely diagnosis and management, especially in travelers or populations from endemic regions.
In summary, Donovanosis is a bacterial STI characterized by ulcerative genital lesions that can cause severe disfigurement if untreated. With proper antibiotic therapy and preventive strategies, the prognosis is generally good, emphasizing the importance of early detection and intervention. WHAT IS DONOVANOSIS
