The Multiple Myeloma symptoms patient guide
Multiple myeloma is a complex type of blood cancer that originates in plasma cells, a vital component of the immune system located in the bone marrow. Understanding its symptoms is crucial for early detection and effective management. Since multiple myeloma can be initially subtle or mistaken for less serious conditions, being aware of its signs helps patients seek prompt medical attention.
One of the most common symptoms is bone pain, especially in the back, ribs, or hips. This occurs because myeloma cells tend to accumulate in the bones, leading to weakening and the development of fractures or osteolytic lesions. Patients often describe this pain as persistent, aching, or deep-seated. Along with bone discomfort, patients might experience fragility fractures even with minor injuries.
Another hallmark symptom is fatigue and weakness, frequently caused by anemia—a condition where the number of healthy red blood cells diminishes. Anemia reduces oxygen transport throughout the body, leading to tiredness, pallor, and shortness of breath. These symptoms can significantly impair daily activities and quality of life.
High levels of calcium in the blood, or hypercalcemia, can also manifest as symptoms such as nausea, confusion, constipation, dehydration, and increased thirst. Hypercalcemia occurs when myeloma-related bone destruction releases calcium into the bloodstream. It’s a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention.
Infections are another concern for myeloma patients, as the disease and its treatments impair normal immune function. Recurrent or unusual infections, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infections, may be an early sign of immune compromise. Patients might notice increased susceptibility to illnesses that typically resolve quickly in healthy individuals.
Additionally, kidney problems are common in multiple myeloma, often due to the accumulation of abnormal proteins called monoclonal immunoglobulins or light chains. Symptoms such as swelling, decreased urine output, or dark-colored urine can indicate renal impairment. Kidney issues can complicate the disease course and require specialized treatment.
Unintentional weight loss and loss of appetite are also observed in some patients, often linked to systemic effects of the disease. Neurological symptoms such as numbness or tingling in the extremities may occur if myeloma affects nerves or causes spinal cord compression.
Because these symptoms can overlap with other illnesses, it’s important for individuals experiencing persistent or unusual signs—including persistent bone pain, unexplained fatigue, frequent infections, or signs of hypercalcemia—to consult a healthcare professional. Early diagnosis through blood tests, urine analysis, and bone marrow biopsies can lead to more effective treatment options and better outcomes.
Managing multiple myeloma begins with a comprehensive understanding of its symptoms and timely medical intervention. While the disease is serious, advancements in therapies have improved life expectancy and quality of life for many patients. Awareness remains a key step in ensuring that symptoms are not ignored and that treatment is initiated as early as possible.
