Ovarian Cancer Screening: How Do You Get Checked?
Ovarian Cancer Screening: How Do You Get Checked? Ovarian cancer is a serious health concern that affects many women worldwide. While it may not always exhibit obvious symptoms in the early stages, ovarian cancer can be detected through a range of screening tests. These tests are designed to identify abnormalities and potential signs of cancer in the ovaries.
By undergoing regular ovarian cancer screenings, you can significantly increase the chances of early detection and timely intervention, leading to better treatment outcomes. These screenings often involve a combination of tests, including imaging techniques, blood tests, and genetic testing.
It’s important to remember that screening tests are not meant to diagnose ovarian cancer definitively. Instead, they serve as a crucial first step in identifying any potential concerns that may require further investigation. If abnormalities are detected during screening, additional diagnostic tests will be recommended by your healthcare provider to confirm or dismiss any concerns.
In the following sections, we will delve into the various ovarian cancer screening methods, guidelines, and diagnostic tools that are commonly used. We will also explore the risk factors, symptoms, prevention strategies, and treatment options associated with this disease. By gaining a deeper understanding of ovarian cancer and its early detection, you can take proactive steps towards safeguarding your health and well-being.
Understanding Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is a serious disease that affects thousands of women each year. It is important to be aware of the symptoms and risk factors associated with ovarian cancer in order to detect the disease at an early stage and improve treatment outcomes.
Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer
Recognizing the symptoms of ovarian cancer is crucial for early detection and prompt medical intervention. Common symptoms include:
- Abdominal bloating or swelling
- Persistent pelvic or abdominal pain
- Feeling full quickly while eating
- Urinary urgency or frequency
- Changes in bowel movements
- Unexplained weight loss or gain
It is important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, but if they persist for several weeks and are not normal for you, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation.
Risk Factors for Ovarian Cancer
Several factors can increase a woman’s risk of developing ovarian cancer. These risk factors include:
- Age: Ovarian cancer is more common in women over the age of 50.
- Family history: Women with close relatives (such as a mother, sister, or daughter) who have had ovarian or breast cancer may have a higher risk.
- Genetic mutations: Inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes can increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
- Endometriosis: Women with a history of endometriosis may have an increased risk.
- Obesity: Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer.
- Hormone replacement therapy: Long-term use of estrogen hormone therapy after menopause may increase the risk.
It is important to remember that having one or more risk factors does not guarantee that a woman will develop ovarian cancer. Conversely, some women with ovarian cancer may not have any known risk factors.
| Risk Factors | Description |
|---|---|
| Age | Ovarian cancer is more common in women over the age of 50. |
| Family History | Women with close relatives (such as a mother, sister, or daughter) who have had ovarian or breast cancer may have a higher risk. |
| Genetic Mutations | Inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes can increase the risk of ovarian cancer. |
| Endometriosis | Women with a history of endometriosis may have an increased risk. |
| Obesity | Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer. |
| Hormone Replacement Therapy | Long-term use of estrogen hormone therapy after menopause may increase the risk. |
Ovarian Cancer Screening Guidelines
Regular ovarian cancer screening is vital for early detection and improving treatment outcomes. The guidelines below provide recommendations on when to start and how often to get screened for ovarian cancer.
Age and Risk Factors
The recommended age to start ovarian cancer screening varies depending on individual risk factors. Women who are at average risk for ovarian cancer should consider starting screening at the age of 50. However, those with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer may need to start screening earlier, typically around the age of 40 or even younger.
Screening Methods
There are several methods available for ovarian cancer screening. These include:
- Transvaginal ultrasound
- CA-125 blood test
- Imaging tests such as CT scans and MRIs
- Genetic testing for hereditary ovarian cancer
It’s important to discuss with your healthcare provider which screening method is best for you based on your risk factors and medical history. Ovarian Cancer Screening: How Do You Get Checked?
Screening Frequency
The frequency of ovarian cancer screening also depends on various factors. For women at average risk, screening may be done every 1 to 3 years. However, for high-risk individuals, more frequent screenings may be recommended, typically once a year.
It’s essential to remember that screening guidelines are not a one-size-fits-all approach. The decision to start and continue ovarian cancer screening should be based on an individual’s specific risk factors and in consultation with a healthcare professional.
Next, we will explore the effectiveness and details of one of the primary ovarian cancer screening methods, transvaginal ultrasound.
Transvaginal Ultrasound
When it comes to ovarian cancer screening, one commonly used method is transvaginal ultrasound. This non-invasive procedure uses sound waves to create images of the ovaries, allowing healthcare providers to examine them for any abnormalities or signs of cancer.
During a transvaginal ultrasound, a small probe is inserted into the vagina, allowing for a clearer and more detailed image of the ovaries compared to a regular abdominal ultrasound. The procedure is usually performed in a medical setting, and it typically takes around 15-30 minutes to complete.
This screening test can help detect early signs of ovarian cancer, such as abnormal growths or masses. It is especially useful for women who are at a higher risk due to factors like family history or certain genetic mutations.
However, it’s important to note that transvaginal ultrasound alone cannot definitively diagnose ovarian cancer. If any suspicious findings are detected during the test, further diagnostic tests, such as a biopsy or blood tests, may be recommended to confirm the presence of cancer.
Although transvaginal ultrasound is a valuable tool in ovarian cancer screening, it is not foolproof, and there can be false-positive or false-negative results. Therefore, it’s crucial to work closely with your healthcare nd follow their recommendations for additional testing or monitoring.
Overall, transvaginal ultrasound is an important component of ovarian cancer screening, as it allows for the early detection and monitoring of this potentially life-threatening disease.
CA-125 Blood Test
The CA-125 blood test is a valuable tool in ovarian cancer screening. This test measures the levels of a protein called CA-125 in the blood, which is often elevated in women with ovarian cancer. While the CA-125 blood test is not sufficient as a standalone diagnostic tool, it can provide valuable information and help detect the early stages of ovarian cancer when used in conjunction with other screening methods.
The CA-125 blood test is particularly useful for monitoring women who are at high risk for ovarian cancer or have a family history of the disease. It can also be used to assess the effectiveness of treatment and monitor for cancer recurrence.
It’s important to note that elevated CA-125 levels can also be caused by conditions other than ovarian cancer, such as endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease, leading to false positives. Therefore, further diagnostic tests may be required to confirm a diagnosis.
Combined with other screening methods, the CA-125 blood test plays a crucial role in the early detection and monitoring of ovarian cancer.
Advantages of the CA-125 Blood Test:
- Non-invasive: The CA-125 blood test involves a simple blood draw, making it a convenient and relatively painless screening method.
- Early detection: Elevated CA-125 levels can indicate the presence of ovarian cancer in its early stages, allowing for prompt intervention and improved treatment outcomes.
- Monitoring: The CA-125 blood test can be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment and detect cancer recurrence.
Limitations of the CA-125 Blood Test:
- False positives: Elevated CA-125 levels can be caused by conditions other than ovarian cancer, leading to false positives and unnecessary anxiety.
- False negatives: In some cases, CA-125 levels may be normal even when ovarian cancer is present, resulting in false negatives. Therefore, the CA-125 blood test should not be relied upon as the sole diagnostic tool.
- Limited specificity: CA-125 is not specific to ovarian cancer and can also be elevated in other types of cancers or benign conditions. Further tests may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis.
| Advantages | Limitations |
|---|---|
| Non-invasive | False positives |
| Early detection | False negatives |
| Monitoring | Limited specificity |
Imaging Tests
Imaging tests play a crucial role in ovarian cancer screening, providing valuable insights into the presence and progression of the disease. These tests utilize advanced imaging techniques, such as CT scans and MRIs, to visualize the ovaries and surrounding structures, facilitating the detection of abnormalities. By combining these imaging modalities with other screening methods, healthcare professionals can accurately assess ovarian cancer risk and guide subsequent diagnostic steps.
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
A CT scan generates detailed cross-sectional images of the pelvic area, offering a comprehensive view of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and nearby tissues. This non-invasive procedure utilizes X-rays and computer technology to create a series of images, providing valuable insights into the size, shape, and density of any abnormalities. CT scans are particularly useful in identifying large tumors or metastatic spread, enabling accurate staging of ovarian cancer.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the pelvic region, providing a highly-detailed visualization of the ovaries and surrounding structures. By employing different imaging sequences, an MRI can assess the extent of ovarian tumors, detect early-stage cancer, and distinguish between benign and malignant masses. MRI is particularly valuable in evaluating complex ovarian cysts and identifying tumor characteristics that aid in treatment planning.
Comparison of CT Scan and MRI
| CT Scan | MRI |
|---|---|
| Utilizes X-rays to capture images | Uses powerful magnets and radio waves |
| Provides detailed cross-sectional images | Offers highly-detailed visualization |
| Effective in identifying large tumors and metastasis | Useful in detecting early-stage cancer and evaluating complex ovarian cysts |
Together, CT scans and MRIs are valuable tools in ovarian cancer screening, aiding in the early detection, staging, and treatment planning for ovarian cancer. These imaging tests, when combined with other screening methods, provide a comprehensive assessment of an individual’s ovarian health, empowering healthcare professionals to make accurate diagnoses and deliver timely interventions.
Genetic Testing
In addition to other screening methods, genetic testing plays a crucial role in ovarian cancer screening, particularly for individuals with a high risk of hereditary ovarian cancer. By analyzing specific genes associated with ovarian cancer risk, genetic testing can provide valuable insights into an individual’s genetic predisposition for the disease.
Genetic testing is recommended for individuals with a strong family history of ovarian cancer or specific gene mutations that increase the risk of developing the disease. Identifying these genetic mutations can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about screening frequency and treatment options.
During the genetic testing process, a small sample of blood or saliva is collected from the individual. This sample is then analyzed in a laboratory to detect any genetic mutations or alterations that may be associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
Benefits of Genetic Testing for Ovarian Cancer
Genetic testing offers several benefits in the context of ovarian cancer screening:
- Early detection: Genetic testing can identify individuals who have a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer, enabling proactive monitoring and early detection.
- Personalized treatment: The results of genetic testing can guide treatment decisions, allowing healthcare providers to tailor treatment plans to a patient’s specific genetic profile.
- Family planning: If a genetic mutation associated with ovarian cancer risk is identified, individuals can make informed decisions about family planning and discuss options for reducing the risk of passing on the mutation to future generations.
Common Genetic Mutations Associated with Ovarian Cancer
There are several genetic mutations that have been linked to an increased risk of ovarian cancer, including: Ovarian Cancer Screening: How Do You Get Checked?
| Genetic Mutation | Associated Risk |
|---|---|
| BRCA1 | Increased risk of ovarian and breast cancer |
| BRCA2 | Increased risk of ovarian and breast cancer |
| MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 | Increased risk of Lynch syndrome, which includes ovarian cancer |
It’s important to note that genetic testing results should always be interpreted in consultation with a healthcare provider experienced in genetic counseling and ovarian cancer management.
Factors to Consider
When it comes to ovarian cancer screening, several factors need to be taken into consideration to make informed decisions about your health. These factors include age, family history of ovarian cancer, and personal health history.
Age
Age plays a significant role in determining the need for ovarian cancer screening. While ovarian cancer can occur at any age, it is more common in women over the age of 50. Therefore, women in this age group should be particularly vigilant and discuss screening options with their healthcare provider.
Family History
A family history of ovarian cancer increases your risk of developing the disease. If you have a first-degree relative, such as a mother or sister, who has had ovarian cancer, your risk may be higher. In such cases, you should consider discussing genetic testing and earlier and more frequent screening with your healthcare provider.
Personal Health History
Your personal health history can also impact your risk for ovarian cancer. Certain factors, such as having a history of breast, uterine, or colorectal cancer, can increase your risk. Additionally, if you have been diagnosed with an inherited genetic mutation, such as a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, your risk may be significantly higher.
By evaluating these factors in collaboration with your healthcare provider, you can make informed decisions about ovarian cancer screening that are tailored to your individual needs and risk profile. Ovarian Cancer Screening: How Do You Get Checked?
| Factors to Consider | Impact on Screening Decisions |
|---|---|
| Age | Women over 50 have a higher risk and may require more frequent screening. |
| Family History | A family history of ovarian cancer may warrant earlier and more frequent screening. |
| Personal Health History | A history of certain cancers or genetic mutations may increase the need for screening. |
Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis
If abnormalities are found during the ovarian cancer screening process, further diagnostic tests may be recommended to confirm or rule out a diagnosis. The diagnostic tests used for ovarian cancer are designed to provide a more definitive assessment of the condition. These tests aim to detect the presence of cancer cells and determine the stage of the disease.
1. Biopsy
A biopsy involves the removal of a small tissue sample from the ovaries or any suspicious areas. This sample is then examined under a microscope to look for the presence of cancer cells. There are different types of biopsies used for ovarian cancer diagnosis, including: Ovarian Cancer Screening: How Do You Get Checked?
- Core Needle Biopsy: A thin needle is used to extract tissue from the ovary.
- Laparoscopic Biopsy: A minimally invasive procedure where a small incision is made to access the ovaries and collect tissue samples.
- Surgical Biopsy: In some cases, a larger surgical procedure may be required to obtain tissue samples for analysis.
2. Imaging Tests
In addition to screening purposes, imaging tests such as computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and positron emission tomography (PET) scans can also be used for diagnosing ovarian cancer. These tests allow doctors to visualize the structures within the pelvis and abdomen, identify tumors, and determine the extent of the disease.
3. Blood Tests
Ovarian Cancer Screening: How Do You Get Checked? Blood tests, including the CA-125 test and other tumor marker tests, may be used as part of the diagnostic process. Elevated levels of CA-125, a protein produced by ovarian cancer cells, may indicate the presence of ovarian cancer. However, it’s important to note that CA-125 levels can also be elevated in non-cancerous conditions.
4. Surgical Exploration
In some cases, surgical exploration may be necessary to diagnose ovarian cancer. This procedure, often performed laparoscopically or through an open abdominal surgery, allows doctors to visually inspect the ovaries, take tissue samples, and assess the spread of cancer within the abdomen. Surgical exploration can provide valuable information for determining the stage of ovarian cancer.
In conclusion, the diagnostic journey for ovarian cancer involves a combination of tests, including biopsies, imaging tests, blood tests, and surgical exploration. These tests help healthcare professionals make an accurate diagnosis, assess the stage of the disease, and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
Ovarian Cancer Prevention
While early detection is crucial, there are also steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing ovarian cancer. By implementing healthy lifestyle choices and understanding potential risk factors, you can actively work towards preventing this disease.
1. Maintain a Healthy Weight
Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of ovarian cancer. By maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise, you can reduce your risk.
2. Eat a Nutrient-Rich Diet
A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can provide essential nutrients and antioxidants that may help prevent ovarian cancer. Include foods such as leafy greens, berries, nuts, and legumes in your daily meals. Ovarian Cancer Screening: How Do You Get Checked?
3. Limit Hormone Therapy
Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. If you require HRT, discuss alternatives and explore other options with your healthcare provider.
4. Use Oral Contraceptives
Studies have shown that long-term use of oral contraceptives can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. Consult with your healthcare provider to determine if oral contraceptives are appropriate for you.
5. Understand Your Family History
If you have a family history of ovarian cancer or certain genetic mutations such as BRCA1 or BRCA2, it’s important to discuss your risks with a genetic counselor. They can provide guidance on preventative measures and screening options.
6. Practice Safe Sex
Reducing your risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can also help lower your risk of certain types of ovarian cancer. Practice safe sex by using condoms and getting regular STI screenings.
| Risk Factors | Preventive Measures |
|---|---|
| Obesity | Maintain a healthy weight through diet and exercise |
| Hormone Replacement Therapy | Limit use and discuss alternatives with your healthcare provider |
| Family History | Understand your risks and consult with a genetic counselor |
| Oral Contraceptives | Consider long-term use of oral contraceptives |
| Sexually Transmitted Infections | Practice safe sex and get regular STI screenings |
By incorporating these preventative measures into your lifestyle and working closely with your healthcare provider, you can take proactive steps towards reducing your risk of ovarian cancer.
Ovarian Cancer Treatment
In the unfortunate event of an ovarian cancer diagnosis, there are various treatment options available. The choice of treatment depends on the stage of cancer, the patient’s overall health, and individual preferences. The primary goals of ovarian cancer treatment include removing or reducing the cancerous tumor, preventing its spread, and improving the patient’s quality of life.
Surgery
Surgery is typically the first step in treating ovarian cancer. The extent of surgery depends on the stage of the disease and may involve removing the affected ovary and fallopian tube, the ovaries and uterus, or even other surrounding tissues and lymph nodes. In some cases, a procedure called debulking surgery may be performed to remove as much tumor tissue as possible.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. It can be administered before or after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence. Chemotherapy for ovarian cancer often involves a combination of drugs given in cycles, with rest periods in between to allow the body to recover.
Targeted Therapy
Targeted therapy is a more recent development in the treatment of ovarian cancer. It involves drugs that specifically target certain molecules or pathways involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. These targeted drugs can be used in combination with chemotherapy or as standalone treatments, depending on the specific characteristics of the tumor.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is another emerging treatment option for ovarian cancer. It works by stimulating the body’s immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. This therapy may be used in combination with other treatments and is currently being studied in clinical trials to evaluate its effectiveness in ovarian cancer treatment.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. While not commonly used as a primary treatment for ovarian cancer, it may be recommended in certain situations, such as when the cancer has spread to the pelvic area or for palliative care to relieve symptoms. Ovarian Cancer Screening: How Do You Get Checked?
Hormone Therapy
Hormone therapy is primarily used for certain types of ovarian cancer, such as hormone receptor-positive tumors. It involves medications that block or reduce the effects of hormones on cancer cells, effectively slowing down their growth.
Clinical Trials
Clinical trials play a crucial role in advancing the field of ovarian cancer treatment. These trials test new drugs, treatment combinations, and therapeutic approaches to determine their safety and effectiveness. Participating in a clinical trial may provide access to innovative treatments that are not yet widely available.
Ovarian Cancer Treatment Options
| Treatment Option | Description |
|---|---|
| Surgery | Removal of cancerous tissue, ovaries, and surrounding structures to reduce or eliminate tumor |
| Chemotherapy | Use of drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body |
| Targeted Therapy | Drugs that specifically target molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells |
| Immunotherapy | Stimulation of the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells |
| Radiation Therapy | Use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells |
| Hormone Therapy | Medications that block or reduce the effects of hormones on cancer cells |
| Clinical Trials | Research studies testing new treatments and approaches |
Take Control of Your Health
When it comes to your health, it is essential to take control and be proactive. Regular check-ups and screenings play a vital role in early detection and prevention of various diseases, including ovarian cancer. Seeking medical advice from trusted healthcare providers like Acibadem Healthcare Group can ensure that you receive the best possible care and guidance.
Acibadem Healthcare Group is renowned for its expertise and commitment to providing comprehensive healthcare services. Their team of highly skilled professionals uses advanced technologies and the latest medical advancements to deliver accurate diagnoses and tailored treatment plans.
By choosing Acibadem Healthcare Group, you can rest assured knowing that your health is in capable hands. Their dedicated specialists prioritize patient well-being and offer personalized attention to address individual concerns and needs. Whether it’s ovarian cancer screening, diagnosis, or treatment, Acibadem Healthcare Group strives to deliver compassionate care and support to every patient.
FAQ
How do you get checked for ovarian cancer?
There are several methods used to check for ovarian cancer, including transvaginal ultrasound, CA-125 blood test, imaging tests, and genetic testing. Your healthcare provider can recommend the most appropriate screening method based on your individual risk factors.
What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?
Symptoms of ovarian cancer can include abdominal bloating, pelvic pain, difficulty eating or feeling full quickly, frequent urination, and changes in bowel movements. However, these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, so it is important to consult your doctor for a proper evaluation.
What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
Risk factors for ovarian cancer include a family history of the disease, certain gene mutations, increasing age, obesity, never having been pregnant, and using hormone replacement therapy. However, it's important to note that ovarian cancer can occur in women without these risk factors as well.
When should I start getting screened for ovarian cancer?
The age at which to start ovarian cancer screening can vary based on individual risk factors. Generally, women with an increased risk, such as those with certain genetic mutations or a family history, may begin screening earlier. It is best to consult with your healthcare provider to determine the appropriate age to start screening.
How often should I get screened for ovarian cancer?
The frequency of ovarian cancer screening depends on various factors, including individual risk and the screening method used. Your healthcare provider can advise you on the recommended screening intervals based on your specific circumstances.
What is a transvaginal ultrasound?
Transvaginal ultrasound is a screening method that uses sound waves to create images of the ovaries. It involves a small probe being inserted into the vagina to obtain detailed pictures of the reproductive organs. This test can help detect abnormalities that may indicate the presence of ovarian cancer.
What is a CA-125 blood test?
The CA-125 blood test measures the level of a protein called CA-125 in the blood. Elevated levels of CA-125 can be an indicator of ovarian cancer, although it can also be elevated in other conditions. This test is often used in combination with other screening methods to aid in the detection of ovarian cancer.
What imaging tests are used for ovarian cancer screening?
Imaging tests such as CT scans and MRIs can provide detailed images of the pelvic area, allowing healthcare professionals to visualize the ovaries and detect any abnormalities. These tests can be helpful in diagnosing ovarian cancer and determining the extent of the disease.
What is genetic testing for ovarian cancer?
Genetic testing involves analyzing DNA to identify gene mutations that increase the risk of ovarian cancer. This type of testing can help individuals understand their inherited risk and make informed decisions about screening and preventive measures.
What factors should I consider when deciding on ovarian cancer screening?
Factors to consider include age, family history of ovarian or breast cancer, personal health history, and any known genetic mutations. Your healthcare provider can assess these factors and guide you in making an informed decision about ovarian cancer screening.
What are the methods used for diagnosing ovarian cancer?
Diagnostic methods for ovarian cancer include imaging tests such as ultrasounds and MRIs, biopsies of suspicious tissues, and exploring the abdominal cavity using minimally invasive procedures like laparoscopy. These tests help determine whether a mass or abnormality is cancerous and can aid in staging the disease.
How can I reduce my risk of developing ovarian cancer?
While it may not be possible to completely eliminate the risk of ovarian cancer, certain lifestyle choices can help reduce the risk. These include maintaining a healthy weight, using contraception, having multiple pregnancies, breastfeeding, and considering preventive measures like prophylactic surgery in high-risk individuals. It's important to talk to your healthcare bout strategies for ovarian cancer prevention.
What are the treatment options for ovarian cancer?
Ovarian cancer treatment options can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy. The choice of treatment depends on various factors, such as the stage and type of ovarian cancer, as well as the individual's overall health and preferences. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals will work together to develop a personalized treatment plan.
How can Acibadem Healthcare Group help with ovarian cancer screening and treatment?
Acibadem Healthcare Group offers comprehensive screening programs for ovarian cancer, utilizing advanced diagnostic tools and techniques. Their team of experienced oncologists and gynecologists is committed to providing personalized care and utilizing the latest treatment options to achieve the best possible outcomes for patients with ovarian cancer.
