Epidemiology of valvular heart disease
Epidemiology of valvular heart disease Valvular heart disease (VHD) encompasses a range of disorders involving the dysfunction of one or more of the heart’s four valves: the aortic, mitral, pulmonary, and tricuspid valves. Understanding the epidemiology of VHD is crucial for public health planning, resource allocation, and improving patient outcomes. Globally, the burden of valvular heart disease varies significantly, influenced by factors such as age, geographic location, socioeconomic status, and access to healthcare.
In high-income countries, degenerative calcific aortic stenosis has emerged as the most common form of VHD, particularly among the elderly population. Advances in longevity have led to an increased prevalence of age-related degenerative changes in heart valves. For instance, studies indicate that about 2-3% of individuals over 65 years old show signs of aortic stenosis, with prevalence rising sharply with advancing age. Similarly, mitral regurgitation, often related to mitral valve prolapse or rheumatic disease, is also prevalent in older adults, although its incidence varies based on underlying etiologies. Epidemiology of valvular heart disease
Epidemiology of valvular heart disease Conversely, rheumatic heart disease remains a significant cause of VHD in low- and middle-income countries. Rheumatic fever, resulting from untreated Group A streptococcal infections, can lead to chronic valve damage, predominantly affecting the mitral and aortic valves. Despite reductions in rheumatic fever incidence in many developed nations, it still accounts for a substantial proportion of valvular disease cases in regions with limited healthcare resources.
The epidemiology of VHD is also shaped by geographic and socioeconomic disparities. In developing nations, rheumatic heart disease contributes heavily to the burden of VHD among younger populations, whereas in developed countries, degenerative changes dominate among older adults. This shift reflects improvements in sanitation, early detection, and better management of streptococcal infections in wealthier regions. Epidemiology of valvular heart disease
Epidemiology of valvular heart disease Gender differences are evident as well; women tend to have higher prevalence rates of mitral valve prolapse, while men are more frequently affected by calcific aortic stenosis. Genetic predispositions and lifestyle factors, including hypertension and smoking, influence the development and progression of valvular lesions.
Epidemiology of valvular heart disease The epidemiological landscape of VHD is expected to evolve further due to demographic changes, technological advances, and improving diagnostic capabilities. Echocardiography remains the primary modality for detection and assessment, aiding in early diagnosis and timely intervention. As populations age globally, the burden of degenerative VHD will likely increase, emphasizing the importance of preventive strategies and access to minimally invasive treatments such as transcatheter valve procedures.
In conclusion, valvular heart disease presents a complex and evolving public health challenge characterized by diverse etiologies influenced by age, geography, and socioeconomic factors. Continued research, early detection, and equitable healthcare access are essential to address this growing burden effectively.
